Lead Toxicity and Chelation Therapy

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Lead Toxicity and Chelation Therapy

Сообщение upamfva » 12 июн 2021, 06:48

Lead Toxicity and Chelation Therapy



Lead toxicity is a major public health concern because it can cause cognitive, behavioral, and motor problems in children. In most cases, exposure can be prevented or at least minimized and eliminated. There are four available agents used to treat lead toxicity: dimercaprol, CaNa2EDTA, succimer, and D-penicillamine. Pharmacists can play an important role in education, treatment, and monitoring of children with lead toxicity. The key to reducing the public burden of lead poisoning is prevention and education.To get more news about Emeramide buy, you can visit fandachem.com official website.

Although lead is a natural substance, lead toxicity has been a public health concern for over 25 years because it has been linked to cognitive, behavioral, and motor problems in children. The majority of exposures come from two sources: gasoline and paint. Exposure can occur with inhalation or ingestion and, once someone is exposed, it can take years to eliminate lead from the body.1 Even minimal concentrations of lead can cause cognitive defects.
In the past, the CDC designated ≥10 mcg/dL as the blood lead level (BLL) of concern.1 However, there has been much research showing that even lower values can cause cognitive and behavioral deficits. A major study followed children born in 1994 or 1995 for 5 years, monitoring their intelligence quotient (IQ) and BLL.1 In the overall population, it was found that for each 10 mcg/dL increase in BLL, there was a loss of 4.6 IQ points. However, when stratified to include only children whose BLL remained below 10 mcg/dL for all 5 years, the effect on IQ was much greater, at 7.4 points lost. This shows that the relationship between IQ score and BLL is nonlinear and that there is a great decline initially at BLL up to 10 mcg/dL.2 This study, along with 22 other published reports, was used by the CDC in determining that no level of lead exposure is safe.1

In January 2012, the CDC eliminated the use of ≥10 mcg/dL as the BLL of concern. Instead, the CDC looked at BLL percentiles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).3 The CDC conducts NHANES every 2 years and collects health data on U.S. children aged 1 to 5 years.4 The CDC’s new reference value is the 97.5th percentile of the NHANES-generated BLL distribution in children aged 1 to 5 years. This level is currently 5 mcg/dL, which will be reevaluated every 4 years using the last two sets of NHANES data.3
Rates and severity of lead poisoning have been declining with the increase in public health initiatives.4 In the 1970s, the United States banned lead in gasoline, which decreased air emissions and the settling of lead in soil.5 This had a substantial effect on BLLs in children aged 1 to 5 years. From 1976 to 1980, before this legislation took full effect, 88% of children had a BLL ≥10 mcg/dL, with the average BLL being 15 mcg/dL. The average BLL decreased to 3.6 mcg/dL in 1988-1991 and then to 1.9 mcg/dL in 1999-2002. The most recent statistics from 2007-2010 show a decline to 1.3 mcg/dL of average BLL, and only 0.8% of children aged 1 to 5 years with a BLL ≥10 mcg/dL.4 Public health initiatives have had a major impact on reducing exposure to lead, and every NHANES cycle has shown a statistically significant decrease in BLL.4

With gasoline being lead-free for over 35 years, the main source of lead poisoning is deteriorating lead paint. As paint chips off the wall, it can form dust in the building and also spread to nearby soil. Homes built prior to 1950 routinely present as a lead hazard.6 Even though lead paint was banned in the 1970s, many older homes are a source of exposure. In 1998, 25% of homes with a child <6 years old had significant amounts of lead paint, lead dust, or bare soil with significant lead concentration. Traditionally, lead exposure is associated with eating paint chips or chewing on windowsills. While these behaviors do result in higher BLLs, just living in a house with lead paint can cause children to have a BLL of 20 mcg/dL.5 Certain populations are more at risk. Children enrolled in Medicaid, those from poorer families, and African-American children had a higher average BLL than their counterparts in the 2007-2010 NHANES.4
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